Essay --

During the nineteenth century, nationalism was the driving force behind the unification of Italy in 1861 and the creation of Germany as a modern nation in 1871. Nationalism had also proved a useful tool for encouraging the expansion of empire, as politicians sought to win over their constituents with the notion that it was the moral duty of western nations to civilize the rest of the world. Imperialism was also one of the four contributing factors to the cause of World War One. Although not all events that fall into the imperialistic category were about controlling another country, they contributed to the war, and imperialistic events were the foundation of the cause of World War One.The Indian Independence Movement began in 1857, and lasted until 1947. Before the beginning of the movement, India had never known political freedom. Foreign rulers had occupied the country for its' entire history. By the time the British took over the area, the natives of India had grown restless with h aving no say in any political decisions. This showed the British that the Indians were serious about achieving their freedom. During the 1900’s almost every part of Africa was a European colony. The native Africans began to protest for independence. They used a system of protests called Pan-Africanism. These brought worldwide attention to the independence of Africa from Europeans.Nationalism has had good and bad effects on major events throughout history. Some of the events that nationalism has affected would be World War 1, the Indian independence movement, and the African independence movement. Nationalism had a vital role to play in the build up in the World Was One, as different nations sought to impose their authority on the rest of the world. Na... ..., and promotes values that are the product of the African civilization and the struggles against slavery, racism, colonialism. Pan-Africanism can be seen as a product of the European slave trade. Enslaved Africans of diverse origins and their descendants found themselves embedded in a system of exploitation where their African origin became a sign of their servile status. Pan-Africanism set aside cultural differences, asserting the principality of these shared experiences to foster solidarity and resistance to exploitation. Initially anti-slavery and anti-colonial movements amongst black people of Africa and the Diaspora in the late nineteenth century, the aims of Pan-Africanism have evolved through the ensuing decades. Pan-Africanism has covered calls for African, nationalism, independence, political and economic cooperation, and historical and cultural awareness.

Relationship between entrepreneruship

Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. What role do creativity and problem solving play in this relationship? Refer to both theories and examples from the business world to support your discussion. Since last century, entrepreneurship and innovation have been heavily discussed. Entrepreneurs create new business and provide the Job opportunities to society as well as promote the economic development.However, with the increasing global economic competition, normal entrepreneurship becomes less competitiveness, government committed to develop innovative entrepreneurship in recent years Cukier, 2006). Therefore, the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship becomes one of the most significant topics in the business field. Economists do a large number of researches to explore the connection between entrepreneurship and innovation as well as the position they related in economic development.During the process of exploring, a consi derable amount of definitions are put forward by experts based on their research knowledge and the analysis of entrepreneurs developed in recent decades. This essay will list the definitions put forward by ifferent economists, then support the ideas that innovation, entrepreneurship and economic development are deeply connected and interacted. Finally, combine with the experience of university group entrepreneurship project, attempt to explain importance role that the creativity and problem solving played in this process.Definition of the innovation and entrepreneurship is colored by different economists according to their observation, research and knowledge. From the innovation perspective, one of the most important definitions is related to the Joseph Schumpeter, a pioneer of the innovation management, who put forward a theory ccording to his early studying. Schumpeter (1934) defines innovation as the combination of new goods, new methods of production, the opening of new markets, the conquest of new sources of supply and the carrying out of a new organization of any industry.Jocabs (2007) list several definitions in her article based on her study: Peter Drucker believed that innovation is a process that change and creates a new dimension of performance; Jose Campos, director of the Center for Rapid Innovation considered that innovation is kind of the ability to which can deliver value to a ustomer; David Schmittlen has a deeper opinion, he believed that product is not the only factor innovation related, the processes and approaches to the marketplace is where innovation occur.All these definitions have their limitations and emphasizes, but with the change of the social and economic environment, innovation may have a wider meaning such as Regins Cabral mentioned in his opinion which connect the innovation with the network. From the entrepreneurship perspective, the word â€Å"entrepreneurship† related to many meanings. In the second volume of The Isol ated State (1850) provided by Johann von Thunen, he defined the entrepreneurship as a way which earns profits after cutting over all the expenses such as payments to capital, labor and insurance, and needs to take unpredictable risk.Risk part in this theory was supported by Frank Knight, and he believed the only risk that leads to profit is a unique uncertainty resulting from an exercise of ultimate responsibility which in its very nature cannot be insured nor capitalized nor salaried† (Knight, 1921). Joseph Schumpeter is one of the most influential economists in the history. His theory of entrepreneurship heavily ased on his innovation theory and roughly experienced three stages. In the early stage of his studying, his notion of entrepreneurship emphasized newness and innovation, and aimed at encouraging economic development (1928).Later, with more research had been done; Schumpeter gave up the risk-taking, one of the characteristics of entrepreneurship which is agreed by von Thunen and Knight. In the 1940s, Schumpeter's work on entrepreneurship became broader. In this period, he was no longer limited by original theory, but discussed several types of the entrepreneurs and extended the meaning of entrepreneurship. Another very important definition in history was made by Ludwing von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek.Ludwing von Mises (1963) has different ideas with Schumpeter by stated entrepreneurship involves anticipations of uncertain events rather than innovations. The reason why he said that is because there is a belief that entrepreneur gain profits by correctly anticipating the market and providing the products to customer before the competition driven by a desire for money. The definitions of the innovation and entrepreneurship are of variety, but viewpoint about the relationship between them is quite similar.Peter Drucker mentioned that entrepreneurship and innovation is companion terms, innovation is a tool that entrepreneurship can take advantage of. From the perspective of entrepreneurship, Schumpeter (1928, 1939) mentions that entrepreneurship as the source of the innovation and innovation as the engine of economic development, which emphasize the many attributes and motivation of the entrepreneur. This is an idea which was a leading though, many economist after Schumpeter agree with this idea.From the innovation perspective, economists such as Pretorius and Millard strongly supported he theory which considered a significant innovation is usually the basis of the successful entrepreneurial venture. Consider the opinions above all; innovation and entrepreneurship are deeply interacting with each other. For example, McDonalds' analyzed the marketplace and consumers' need; design the new production lines and new methods trained staff. According to the definitions listed before, due to McDonald's creative new marketplace and consumer, and combine with the improving of the management, it is entrepreneurship.In addition, cause t he increasing global economic competition, government as well as individual oncentrate more on the innovative entrepreneurship. Evidences shows that government of The European Union, United States and countries in Asia all published policies to support, lead and value the innovative entrepreneurship due to the large contributions it comes in the future (Cukier 2006). The relationship between innovation and economic growth is closely connected and the relationship between them is mutual. On the one hand, innovation is a source of economic development.According to the Schumpeter (1942), who considered the innovation activity of entrepreneur of a process which provide a creative ‘destruction rocess' by causing sustain disturbances to an economic system in equilibrium, and create new opportunities to economic. It means that innovation encourages the changes of economy system and creates opportunities which are beneficial to economic development. Peter Drucker is one of the influen tial economists, stated that the innovation is the central issue in economic prosperity.He listed five principles of innovation and the first one is the innovation beginning with analysis of the opportunities, starting from the small entrepreneurs and aiming at market leadership. In addition, a large amount of the empirical work showed evidence to ndicate that the level of the technological innovation do large contribute to economic performance, both at the companies and industry aspects. Economic development also creates a suitable environment for innovation. A high level economic development is conducive to innovation.The Global Innovative Index, which is established by INSEAD Business School and World Business, it measures the world's best and worst performing economies with measurement of innovation. It also evaluate the nation's strengths and weaknesses in their economic development environment especially policies and practices related to innovation. United States, Israel and S witzerland are top three countries. All of these countries have a common strength which is the positive environment for innovation, especially in United States. Government policies are firmly support the development of innovation.For example, Silicon Valley in California, which is the typical example to indicate government policies are essential fact to stimulate innovation. Similar to innovation and economic development, it is widely believed that entrepreneurship and economic development influence each other deeply. Entrepreneurship is beneficial for economic development. Entrepreneurship in the early twentieth century, according to the statement of Cipolla (1981) and Lazonick (1991), plays an essential role in the long-term economic. The contribution to the growth of economy was attributed to entrepreneurs.They seek for new opportunities, diversified the productions and develop a new market. With the change of the economic environment, in middle of the twentieth century, entrepre neurship lost its superiority, however, in the recent decades, with the revolution of the knowledge and technologies; it encouraged the development of entrepreneurship thinking Oovanovic, 1982; Audretsch, 1995). In the perspective of the economic development, entrepreneurs not only create new market but also provide the new ideas to marketplace, and promote the economic growth through a process of fierce competition.However, not all kinds of entrepreneurship are effective for economic development. According to the research by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), there are two kinds of entrepreneurship. One is â€Å"necessity entrepreneurship† and the other is â€Å"opportunity entrepreneurship†. Necessity entrepreneurship nas a negative ettect on economic development. A typical example of it is that after the fall of Berlin Wall, any workers in socialist countries found them had no options but work for themselves, this necessity entrepreneurship caused several years of negative GDP growth.On the contrary, opportunity entrepreneurship could lead to an economic development. Based on the statistics collected from the eleven countries, entrepreneurship which has multiple opportunities could lead to economic development (Asc, 2006). For one country, due to the fact that different countries have different economic development level, government should fgure out what kind the entrepreneurship is and develop opportunity entrepreneurship. For individuals, it is essential to analyze the opportunities and potential market before starting an enterprise.Creativity and problem solving cannot be ignored in the relationship among the entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. Creativity is an essential characteristic in the problem solving process and it is usually defined as a process though which invention occurs something new comes into existence (Herbert et al. , 1999), and they also regard creativity as the starting point of the innovation. Ana lyzing creativity from the entrepreneurship direction, in past several decades, esearchers did a great deal studies to explore the position of creativity in the process of the development of entrepreneurship.Shaw (1996) mentions that opportunity is the first step that entrepreneurship pursued and creativity is the key point to identify business opportunity (Hills and Shrader 1998). Venture capitalist Vinod Khosla also said that no problem means no opportunity, no solution and no company. Therefore, due to the significant position in the entrepreneurial process, creativity is the soul of entrepreneurship (Morris and Kuratko, 2002). Since nnovation, entrepreneurship and economic development is closely connected, creativity is the fundamental of the whole relationship.In university, Entrepreneurship and Business is one of the most important modules which students need to major in. group project is the significant concept to help students to understand entrepreneurship and essential pos ition that creativity in problem solving process. Kirkham, Mosey and Binks (2009) state that the process of problem can be three steps: define, discover and determine. The project started from defines a problem, and then use the creativity thinking to discovery a large amount of olutions. Finally, determine the most effective solution.This process is what the entrepreneurship usually does in their commercial field. Identifying a problem in business, then analyze the business opportunities and use creativity thinking to find potential solutions in the marketplace, eventually decide the most effective way to establish an enterprise. To sum up, entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development are deeply connected. Definition of innovation and entrepreneurship various from people to people, but all these leads to a conclusion that innovation and entrepreneurship are ompanies terms.Innovation is the basis of the entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship as the source of innovation. In a ddition, in the process of economic development, all evidences show innovation promotes the economic development and an environment which support by government policies encourages the innovation as well. Entrepreneurship benefit to economic development, although only opportunity entrepreneurship has a positive effect to economy. Though the analysis of creativity and problem solving, recognize the importance role it play in the economic development. words: 1896

Use Bingo to Teach Any School Subject

Bingo is a wonderful teaching tool to have at your fingertips no matter what you are teaching. You can even make it up as you go along! The basic premise of Bingo is simple: players start with a grid filled with answers and they cover up spaces as the corresponding item is called from the Bingo caller. Winners make a complete line going vertically, horizontally, or diagonally. Or, you can play Black Out which means the winner is the first person who covers all of the spots on the card. Preparation There are a few ways you can prepare for playing Bingo in your classroom. Buy a Bingo set from a teacher supply store. Of course, this is the easiest way, but we teachers don’t make too much money so this option may not make too much sense.A cheaper option requires you to prepare all of the Bingo boards ahead of time, making sure that all of the boards are configured differently from each other.For older students, you can hand over some of the preparation to them. Prepare one Bingo board with all of the options filled in. Also, keep a copy of a blank board. Make copies of each page, one per student. Give the children time to cut apart the pieces and paste them wherever they want on the blank boards.The most teacher-friendly way to do Bingo is to give each child a blank piece of paper and have them fold it into sixteenths. Then they get to write the terms into their bingo sheet from your list (on the chalkboard or overhead) and voila! Everyone has their own unique Bingo board! You can play Bingo with virtually any subject. Here is a rundown of some of the different ways you can play Bingo in your classroom: Language Arts Phonemic Awareness:  Kindergarten teachers can use this type of Bingo to help students learn the sounds that correspond to the letters of the alphabet. On the Bingo chart, place single letters in each of the boxes. Then, you call out the letter sounds and the students put a marker on the letter that  makes  each sound. Or, say a short word and ask the kids to identify the beginning sound. Vocabulary:  In the Bingo chart boxes, put the vocabulary words your class is currently studying. You will read out the definitions and the kids have to match them up. Example: You say to find and bring back and the students cover up retrieve. Parts of Speech:  Get creative with using Bingo to help kids remember the parts of speech. For instance, read a sentence and ask the kids to place a marker on the verb in that sentence. Or, ask the kids to look for a verb that begins with a g. Make sure there are all different types of words that begin with that letter so that they really have to think about it. Math Subtraction, Addition, Multiplication, Division:  Write the answers to applicable problems in the Bingo boxes. You call out the problem. This is a great way to reinforce the math facts that kids must memorize. For example, you say, 6 X 5 and the students cover 30 on their game sheets. Fractions:  In the Bingo boxes, draw various shapes cut into portions with some of the parts shaded. Example: draw a circle cut into fourths and shade one of the fourths. When you read out the words one fourth, the students will have to determine which shape represents that fraction. Decimals:  Write the decimals in the boxes and call out the words. For example, you say, forty  three  hundredths and the kids cover the square with .43. Rounding:  For example, you say, Round 143 to the nearest 10. The students put a marker on 140. You may want to write the numbers on the board instead of just saying them. Place Value:  For example, you say, place a marker on a number that has six in the hundreds spot. Or, you can put a large number on the board and ask the students to place a marker on the digit that is in the thousands place, etc. Science, Social Studies, and more! Vocabulary:  Similar to the vocabulary game described above, you say the definition of a word from your unit of study. The children place a marker on the corresponding word. Example: You say, the planet closest to our sun and the students mark Mercury. Facts:  You say something like, the number of planets in our solar system and the children place a marker on 9. Continue with other number-based facts. Famous People:  Focus on famous people associated with your unit of study. For instance, you say, This person wrote the  Emanicaption  Proclamation and the students put a marker on Abraham Lincoln. Bingo is a wonderful game to keep in mind when you have a few extra minutes to fill in the day. Get creative and have fun with it. Your students surely will!